1. Relative Clauses
Relative
clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which,
whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun
that precedes them.
Relative pronouns are associated as follows
with their preceding noun:
1. A person who(m)/that,
whose
2. A thing which/that,
whose
3. The
relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns
4. The
relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must befollowed
by a noun.
Relative clauses
which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, must be
separated off by commas. The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce
an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person.
Ø Who :subject or object pronoun for people.
Ø Which :subject or object pronoun for animals and things and referring to a whole
sentence.
Ø Whose : possession for people
animals and things.
Ø Whom : object pronoun for
people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative
clauses we colloquially prefer who).
Ø That : subject or object
pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who
or which are also possible).
Ø When (in/on which) : refers to a time
expression
Ø Where (in/at which) : refers to a place
Ø Why (for which) : refers to a reason
EXAMPLES :
1. I told you about the woman wholives next door.
2. Do you see the cat whichis lying on the roof?
3. Do you know the boy whosemother is a nurse?
4. I was invited by the professor whomI met at the conference.
5. I don’t like the table thatstands in the kitchen.
6. The day when we met him.
7. The place whereIwent
with myfamily.
8. The reason whyshe did
not come.
2. Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual
implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are so
called because the validity of the main clause of the sentence is conditional
on the existence of certain circumstances, which may be expressed in a
dependent clause or may be understood from the context.
There are three types of conditional sentences:
1. First Conditional
Nature:
Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible. It is possible and also very
likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Time:
This condition refers either to present or to future time.
Example :
1. If he is late, we will have to go
without him.
2. If my mother knows about this, we are in
serious trouble.
3. If I have enough money, I will go to
Japan.
4. If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
5. If you make a mistake, someone will let
you know.
2. Second Conditional
Nature:
unreal (impossible) or improbable situations. It is possible but very
unlikely, that the condition will
be fulfilled.
Time:
present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
Example :
1. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
2. If I became president, I would change
the social security system.
3. If I won a million pounds, I would stop
teaching.
4. If I had enough money, I would go to
Japan.
5. If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
3. Third Conditional
Nature:
unreal .It is impossiblethat the condition will be fulfilled because it
refers to the past.
Time:
Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
Example :
1. If you had warned me, I would not have
told your father about that party.
2. If I had had enough money, I would have
gone to Japan.
3. If you had called me, I
would have come.
4. If you had done your job properly, we
wouldn't be in this mess now.
5. If you had warned me,
I would not be in prison.
